A comparative analysis of low-CO₂ steam generation technologies

Considering Europe's imperative to reduce CO₂ emissions under the Paris Climate Agreement, there is an urgent need to transition to low-CO₂ steam generation in industrial processes. Since steam generation is a major contributor to carbon emissions. This paper presents a comparative analysis across various steam generation technologies, including heat pumps, biogas, biomethane, geothermal, and solar thermal solutions. Employing a multidimensional approach, the study assesses key performance indicators such as steam generation cost, CO₂ emissions, CO₂ abatement costs, and energy demand to unveil viable alternatives to current fossil-based technologies. The findings identify a clear path for transitioning to low-CO₂ steam generation within industrial processes, emphasizing the exploration of high-temperature renewable heat sources, followed by electrification and energy carrier substitution approaches. High-temperature renewable heat sources offer the advantage of achieving an 80–90% reduction in CO₂ emissions, with the potential for net cost savings at current CO₂ pricing. Addressing challenges associated with each steam generation technology is pivotal to finding the perfect fit for each industrial process and ensuring a successful transition to low-CO₂ steam generation.