Effects of CO₂ and temperature on phytolith dissolution

Phytoliths, silica structures derived from plant residues in silicon (Si)-accumulating plant species, have recently been recognized as a sink and source of nutrients and a hosting phase for carbon sequestration in soil. While the solubility of phytoliths in relation to their respective nature and solution chemistry has been intensively studied, the combined effects of CO₂ and temperature, two highly variable parameters in soil, have not been fully understood. We hypothesized that changes in CO₂ and temperature may affect the dissolution rate, thereby resizing the soil phytolith pool. Rice straw phytoliths were obtained from either open burning or controlled heating of straw from 300 to 900 °C and used to determine their batch incubation kinetics in a closed chamber at CO₂ concentrations of 0 to 15% vol. and a temperature range of 20 to 50 °C for six days. The results revealed a contrasting effect in which temperature and CO₂ were correspondingly found to accelerate or decelerate the dissolution rate of phytoliths. Under the most dissimilar conditions, i.e., 0% vol. CO₂ and 50 °C and 15% vol. CO₂ and 20 °C, the discrepancy in solubility was approximately six-fold, indicating a high vulnerability of phytoliths to CO₂ and temperature changes. This finding also suggests that the soil phytolith pool can be diminished in the case of either increasing soil temperature or decreasing CO₂ flux. Calculations based on these data revealed that the dissolution rate of phytoliths could be increased by an average of 4.5 to 7.3% for each 1 °C increase in temperature. This finding suggests a possible impact of current global warming on the global biogenic silica pool, and more insight into the relationship between this pool and climate change is, therefore, necessary to maintain the function of the phytolith phase in soil.